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Here you’ll find thoughtful articles exploring apologetics, theology, and worldview. Our goal is to equip believers, engage skeptics, and apply biblical truth to the most pressing questions of life, culture, and faith. Whether you’re wrestling with doubts, looking for answers, or simply eager to grow deeper in your understanding of Christianity, this is a place to read, reflect, and reason together.
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The Mere Molinism FB Group vs the God of Mischief
I recently launched a new Facebook group called Mere Molinism (click here to join) . This private group is focused on discussing the essential ingredients of mere Molinism (human libertarian freedom and divine middle knowledge) along with related issues. This group is unique for several reasons. First, all the admins possess or are currently pursuing graduate degrees in theology or philosophy. Second, one does not have to affirm Molinism to be in this group. As noted in the "
Evan Temple
Jul 30, 202113 min read
Ep. 156 Are Manipulated Beings Morally Responsible? Reviewing The Free Will Show
Tim and I sit down to chat about a recent episode of the Free Will Show. In this episode, Tim and I continue to discuss the implications of human freedom and responsibility within Frankfurt cases. Check out this episode!
Evan Temple
Jul 29, 20211 min read
Apologetics315 Podcast: Molinism with Tim Stratton
In this Apologetics315 Podcast , Brian Auten and Chad Gross chat with me about . The show notes are as follows:1:03 – Intro to Tim Stratton1:41 – Why Molinism on the podcast?3:20 – Welcome to Tim Stratton3:54 – How Tim became a Christian9:37 – God as a maximally great being10:43 – Tim’s dissertation11:18 – What does Tim find compelling about Molinism?12:42 – The Mere Molinism Facebook group 16:14 – What is the problem that Molinism is trying to solve?22:47 – How to briefly s
Evan Temple
Jul 27, 20211 min read
Rescuing Hell
“Why would a loving God condemn people to Hell?” How many times have you or someone you know asked this question? It seems like an obvious question. We know what love is and we know what love is not (at least that is what we tell ourselves) and condemning a group of people to eternal punishment seems not only punitive, but unjustly so. In over a decade of youth ministry this question, above all else, is at the forefront of every Q&A session I ever held. Kids are desperate
Evan Temple
Jul 22, 20218 min read
Ep. 155 You Have the Freedom to Love This Podcast - Reviewing The Free Will Show
Tim and I sit down to chat about a recent episode of the Free Will Show. In this episode, Tim and I reflect on the necessity of freedom for true, loving relationships. Check out this episode!
Evan Temple
Jul 22, 20211 min read
Book Review: Skepticism and the Veil of Perception
Michael Huemer has established himself as one of today's leading philosophers on a variety of topics ranging from ethics, to political philosophy, to logical paradoxes, to epistemology. Skepticism and the Veil of Perception (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001) is concerned with this last topic. Huemer is concerned with rebutting skepticism in general and skepticism about the external world in particular. His solution is a version of direct realist foundationalism. The bo
Evan Temple
Jul 20, 20215 min read
Ep. 154 Does Anyone Think Free Will is Necessary for Rationality? Reviewing the Free Will Show
Tim and I sit down to chat about a recent episode of the Free Will Show. In this episode, Tim and I react to a not-so-subtle nod to Tim's work and the Freethinking Argument on the Free Will show. Check out this episode!
Evan Temple
Jul 15, 20211 min read
Ep. 153 Frankfurt Cases and Libertarian Freedom - Reviewing the Free Will Show
Tim and I sit down to chat about a recent episode of the Free Will Show. We discuss the thought experiments known as Frankfurt Cases and their implications for divine determinism and libertarian freedom. Check out this episode!
Evan Temple
Jul 8, 20211 min read
Critical Human Incipient Theory
(This fictional post was first published by Jacobus Erasmus at http://jacobuserasmus.com/blog/bl0-cultural-insanity.html ) I got chased out of Nature Park Zoo, . Why is the zoo so cruel? All I want is the flamingos' food. They feed the flamingos the most scrumptious brine shrimp, which cannot be found elsewhere and which is like chocolate to me. Does that make me a weirdo? Perhaps slightly. But there is nothing wrong with being a weirdo. Now, I'm not trying to the flamingo

Jacobus Erasmus
Jul 7, 20212 min read
When Critical Theory Intersects With Sexuality and Identity
One does not have to look far to see a lot of confusion in how the issues of Critical Race Theory (CRT), sexual identity, and Comprehensive Sex Ed (CSE) intersect, so I want to give you a few thoughts and explanations. Currently, there is a lot of discussion about school boards forcing CRT into our schools, and some states such as Florida and Texas recently passed bans on CRT. There is also a lot of discussion about how this is intertwined with CSE, which is being pushed in

Josh Klein
Jul 1, 20216 min read
Ep. 152 What Exactly is Meant by Exhaustive Determinism? Reviewing the Free Will Show
In this episode, Tim and I sit down to chat about a recent episode of the Free Will Show. We discuss contra causal powers and respond to the idea that libertarian freedom requires supernatural power. Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Jul 1, 20211 min read
Ep. 151 Does Free Will Require Supernatural Power? Reviewing the Free Will Show
In this episode, Tim and I sit down to chat about a recent episode of the Free Will Show. We discuss contra causal powers and respond to the idea that libertarian freedom requires supernatural power. Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Jun 24, 20211 min read
Rocks in Socks: The Art of Asking Clever Questions
Since publishing Human Freedom, Divine Knowledge, and Mere Molinism in October of 2020, almost every day I have dialoged with determinists. They are either theological determinists (typically Calvinists) who are seemingly committed to exhaustive divine determinism (EDD) or they are scientific determinists (typically naturalists/atheists) who believe that all things about humanity are ultimately causally determined by the laws and events of nature. These folks seem determined

Josh Klein
Jun 21, 20214 min read
A Mad Scientist and a Pop Quiz: A Case for Freedom
Suppose a mad scientist while you were sleeping gained access to your brain, implanted special microchips, and now has the ability and opportunity to exhaustively control (causally determine) all of your thoughts and beliefs all the time. Although you are unaware, the mad scientist now has control over exactly what you think of and about and -- more importantly -- exactly how you think of and about it. All of your thoughts about your beliefs and all of your beliefs about yo

Josh Klein
Jun 15, 20213 min read
God is NOT a Deity of Deception
Question Dr. Tim, You recently shared a Facebook post high-lightning the Apostle Paul's words in 1st Corinthians 10:15. It reads: "I speak as to sensible people; judge for yourselves what I say." You then added the following: "Be a FreeThinker. Don’t let something or someone else causally determine your judgments!" Do you really want to trust your own judgements and not let God cause and determine all of your judgements? Being led by the Spirit means letting God lead your min

Josh Klein
Jun 9, 20215 min read
Is All Reasoning Circular Reasoning?
Circular reasoning is generally understood to be fallacious. The reason for this is that circular arguments assume what they purport to prove. At least one premise in a circular argument depends upon the truth of the conclusion, making the argument lose any justifying force. For in order to accept the relevant premise, one would have to already believe the conclusion. But if one already believes the conclusion then one has no need for the argument, and if one does not already

Josh Klein
Jun 3, 20218 min read
Ep. 150 Molinism's TRUMP Card (Part 2)
Provocative title so I'm sure you'll want to listen. We discuss Tim's proposed acronym for the Molinist. After all, if the Calvinists get an acronym, why can't we? Seems only fair. This episode is the second of two episodes that follow along with Tim's article on the subject which is linked below. Hope you enjoy! https://freethinkingministries.com/the-t-r-u-m-p-card/ Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Jun 2, 20211 min read
Assurance of Salvation
Recently I had an enlightening conversation with EDD (an exhaustive divine determinist). Calvinists who affirm exhaustive divine determinism believe that God causally determines all things all the time (unless they are discussing 1 Timothy 2:4 , these Calvinists do affirm that "all" means "all"). This means that everything about a human -- every thought, belief, action, behavior, evaluation, and judgement -- is always causally determined by something or someone other than

Josh Klein
Jun 1, 20213 min read
An Evaluation of “Why the case against abortion is weak, ethically speaking”
Introduction Why the case against abortion is weak, ethically speaking is an engaging article on an issue often confined to academic journals. I am grateful for the report, mainly because of Nobis’ and Dudley’s emphasis on personhood and because I agree with them on two significant points. First, our society needs careful and respectful examination of challenging topics rather than sloganeering and ad hominem . As Schopenhauer put it, “one wants reasons and not empty phras

Josh Klein
May 28, 20215 min read


Marvel Comics vs. Jordan Peterson
I magine if C.S. Lewis had podcast his journey to faith, and millions of unbelievers had listened in. Imagine if the forces of secular universities, progressive politics and media had targeted him to take him out before he could cross the line of faith and bring thousands with him. A similar journey by a similarly brilliant academic may be taking place right now. In the last six weeks over a million and a half people have listened to his remarkable recent podcast discussing h

Josh Klein
May 19, 20218 min read
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