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Here you’ll find thoughtful articles exploring apologetics, theology, and worldview. Our goal is to equip believers, engage skeptics, and apply biblical truth to the most pressing questions of life, culture, and faith. Whether you’re wrestling with doubts, looking for answers, or simply eager to grow deeper in your understanding of Christianity, this is a place to read, reflect, and reason together.
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Ep. 105 Talking Molinism with a Calvinist (Part 5)
In this episode, Tim sat down with Eli Ayala over at Revealed Apologetics. We'll be listening to their conversation for the next couple of weeks. It's a very interesting conversation as Eli is a Calvinist, whereas (as you know) Tim is a Molinist. It's a great example of how two brothers in Christ can disagree charitably. Hope you enjoy! Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Feb 20, 20201 min read
Ep. 104 Talking Molinism with a Calvinist (Part 4)
In this episode, Tim sat down with Eli Ayala over at Revealed Apologetics. We'll be listening to their conversation for the next couple of weeks. It's a very interesting conversation as Eli is a Calvinist, whereas (as you know) Tim is a Molinist. It's a great example of how two brothers in Christ can disagree charitably. Hope you enjoy! Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Feb 13, 20201 min read
A Rational Presuppositional Approach to Free Will
I met Tim Stratton when he reached out to me after reading my book Reason and Proper Function: A Response to Alvin Plantinga . He enthusiastically let me know that the argument I presented in that book supports a version of libertarian freedom that he endorses. At first, I wondered “what did I write to support libertarian freedom?” Then I questioned, “What does Tim mean by libertarian freedom?” So I asked him: “Do you mean libertarian freedom as contra-causal freedom?” Tim sa

Josh Klein
Feb 10, 202010 min read
Ep. 103 Talking Molinism with a Calvinist (Part 3)
In this episode, Tim sat down with Eli Ayala over at Revealed Apologetics. We'll be listening to their conversation for the next couple of weeks. It's a very interesting conversation as Eli is a Calvinist, whereas (as you know) Tim is a Molinist. It's a great example of how two brothers in Christ can disagree charitably. Hope you enjoy! Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Feb 6, 20201 min read
White-Knuckling It
As a man who loves Jesus, is in a heterosexual marriage, and still experiences some same-sex attraction that is lingering from my previous gay life, I spend a lot of time talking to Christian men about what life as a same-sex attracted (SSA) Christian man should look like. Much of the conversation centers on behavior. “How do I go the rest of my life without acting on these desires which seem so innate and natural?” they ask many times. It is an important conversation. Denyi

Josh Klein
Feb 5, 20205 min read
Proper Function & Libertarian Freedom
After three long years of intense research and writing, I finally submitted my doctoral dissertation in hopes of getting three pesky letters to follow my last name for the rest of my life: Ph.D. (I passed)! My final submission was 350 pages long (including the bibliography). To keep it relatively "short" -- and to eventually complete this project in a timely manner -- I unfortunately had to "axe" many points that I was originally planning to include. These arguments went to t

Josh Klein
Feb 3, 20205 min read
Arguing Over the Holidays at Calvin's Place
Family times over Christmas and New Year’s can spawn interesting conversations and sometimes heated “discussions.” This was true at the Johann Calvin home, where his daughter Connie and son-in-law Erasmus had gathered to celebrate the holidays. Erasmus had received his Ph.D. in philosophy from UA (the University of Arminia), and his view of human freedom was diametrically opposite of his theological professor father-in-law’s deterministic theology. Usually when the debate bet

Josh Klein
Jan 31, 20207 min read
Ep. 102 Talking Molinism with a Calvinist (Part 2)
In this episode, Tim sat down with Eli Ayala over at Revealed Apologetics. We'll be listening to their conversation for the next couple of weeks. It's a very interesting conversation as Eli is a Calvinist, whereas (as you know) Tim is a Molinist. It's a great example of how two brothers in Christ can disagree charitably. Hope you enjoy! Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Jan 30, 20201 min read
Are Pro-Lifers Who Own Guns Hypocrites?
Another assertion has become commonplace in discussions of abortion. Pro-lifers who own firearms, or support military actions abroad are misled at best, and at worst, hypocrites. The critic assumes that any inconsistently held pro-life beliefs are evidence pro-lifers aren’t actually motivated by a desire to protect human life, but rather a desire to control women’s liberty. This line of criticism lacks substance and misunderstands both the essential pro-life position as well

Josh Klein
Jan 27, 20206 min read
Understanding Logic: What is Logic?
Logic is the study of the principles or methods used to distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning, or valid arguments from invalid arguments, or correct critical thinking from incorrect critical thinking. We are intimately aware of reasoning, since we engage in reasoning everyday. Consider, for example, the following reasoning or argument: If the Bible is the authoritative Word of God, then I should study and obey it. The Bible is the authoritative Word of God. Therefore

Josh Klein
Jan 27, 20203 min read
The Moral Argument: A Short Dialectic
The Argument There are several versions of the moral argument for theism. One goes like this: If God does not exist, then objective morality does not exist. Objective morality exists. Therefore, God exists. (This argument is deductively valid by modus tollens .) The Dialectic Suppose a friend asks you why he should believe in God. You share the version above with him. Thus begins the dialectic. He accepts (1). However, he is like some of the college students in an introdu

Josh Klein
Jan 24, 20203 min read
The Existentialist Argument
"What sacred games shall we have to invent?" (Nietzsche, The Parable of the Madman, The Joyful Wisdom) "Now all has been heard; here is the conclusion of the matter: Fear God and keep his commandments, for this is the duty of all mankind." (Ecclesiastes 12:13) Introduction In this article, I provide an argument from the objective meaning of human life to the existence of God. Working Assumptions and Definitions I assume a difference between objectivity and subjectivity. So

Josh Klein
Jan 23, 20207 min read
Ep. 101 Talking Molinism with a Calvinist (Part 1)
In this episode, Tim sat down with Eli Ayala over at Revealed Apologetics. We'll be listening to their conversation for the next couple of weeks. It's a very interesting conversation as Eli is a Calvinist, whereas (as you know) Tim is a Molinist. It's a great example of how two brothers in Christ can disagree charitably. Hope you enjoy! Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Jan 23, 20201 min read
Ep. 100 The Big One Zero Zero with Kirk MacGregor
We finally did it. After over two years of doing this podcast, we finally reached our 100th episode. And so, for the 100th episode, we had to do something special. In this episode, we talk to Dr. Kirk MacGregor, who is basically "the guy" on Molinism. We talk about so many great topics on this podcast, including what it's like being married to a Calvinist, dealing with alleged anthropomorphisms in the Bible (whew), and even some advice for new students studying philosophy. I

Josh Klein
Jan 16, 20201 min read


Sacrifice and Redemption in the Skywalker Saga
With the release of , the “Skywalker Saga” is officially complete (for better or worse), and we can now examine all nine episodes as a completed whole. (Spoilers ahead!) While all of the movies carry similar themes, such as hope, the importance of family, and the ultimate triumph of good over evil, I think there is one concept that rises above the rest: redemption . Quickly defined, redemption is the act of making up for one’s past wrongs. The greater the wrongs committed,

Josh Klein
Jan 10, 20204 min read
Ep. 99 Star Wars TROS Talk (Part 2)
If you'll indulge us for a couple of episodes, Tim and I thought it would be fun to discuss our thoughts on the newest Star Wars move: The Rise of Skywalker. It made for an interesting discussion, as we had very different thoughts on the movie. Nevertheless, we found some great Christian themes throughout the movie which were fun to tease out. If you haven't seen the movie yet, we pretty much spoil everything Star Wars related, so see the movie first before listening to this

Josh Klein
Jan 9, 20201 min read
The Book of Eli: 10 Year Anniversary
Spoiler Alert! The Book of Eli is about to celebrate its ten year anniversary on January 11, 2020. If you have yet to see this awesome flick, then I hope this article encourages you to finally watch this R-rated "Christian movie" about what would happen if the world was devoid of The Bible (watch the original trailer here ). This movie deserves its "R" rating based on extreme amounts of violence and language. However, what should we expect in a world which does not have a

Josh Klein
Jan 7, 20203 min read
The Rise of Skywalker & the Failure of Relativism
Spoilers to follow (you've been warned)! The 40+ year Star Wars franchise has finally drawn the story of the powerful Skywalker family to a close. Star Wars Episode IX: The Rise of Skywalker served a powerful end to the story first started with A New Hope in 1977. As a lifelong Star Wars fan, I absolutely loved Episode IX. It connected all three trilogies and provided a satisfying "passing of the torch" to a new generation of heroes, in particular Rey. There were even ref

Josh Klein
Jan 6, 20206 min read
10 Reasons Why The Mandalorian Is My Favorite Star Wars Character
I will never forget when the Mandalorian armor was first introduced. It was 1978 and a Star Wars " Holiday Special " aired on CBS. The special was not that "special" at all -- it is actually one of the weirdest things I have ever seen -- save for one thing: Boba Fett was first revealed ( Click here to watch this weird show)! Not long after that Kenner had a Boba Fett action figure available. I saved up enough " proof of purchases " and my dad sent them off. Several weeks l

Josh Klein
Jan 3, 20208 min read
Ep. 98 Star Wars TROS Talk (Part 1)
If you'll indulge us for a couple of episodes, Tim and I thought it would be fun to discuss our thoughts on the newest Star Wars move: The Rise of Skywalker. It made for an interesting discussion, as we had very different thoughts on the movie. Nevertheless, we found some great Christian themes throughout the movie which were fun to tease out. If you haven't seen the movie yet, we pretty much spoil everything Star Wars related, so see the movie first before listening to this

Josh Klein
Jan 2, 20201 min read
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