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Here you’ll find thoughtful articles exploring apologetics, theology, and worldview. Our goal is to equip believers, engage skeptics, and apply biblical truth to the most pressing questions of life, culture, and faith. Whether you’re wrestling with doubts, looking for answers, or simply eager to grow deeper in your understanding of Christianity, this is a place to read, reflect, and reason together.
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Answering Evil with Middle Knowledge
https://youtu.be/wnzybrdRXIg

Josh Klein
Jan 1, 20201 min read


5 Reasons the Force Is Strong with the Rise of Skywalker
SPOILER ALERT! SPOILER ALERT!! SPOILER ALERT!!! A long time ago . . . . Ever since I was a four-year-old, Star Wars has been a central part of my life. As a young boy I would pretend I had the power of the force and I would always have a lightsaber on my belt (usually my dad’s flashlight). Much has changed now that Disney owns the Star Wars franchise. I loved Disney’s first attempt with Episode VII: The Force Awakens and I thought Rogue One: A Star Wars Story was brill

Josh Klein
Dec 31, 20197 min read
Top 10 Articles of 2019
As 2019 draws to a close, we bring you the top 10 articles of the year: 10. How Captain Marvel Points To Jesus - It wouldn't be a FreeThinking Ministries top 10 list without superheroes! Luke Knight shows how Christians can use the first female-fronted MCU movie, Captain Marvel , to explain the Gospel. 9. 3 Circles & ALL the Problems of Evil - It also wouldn't be an FTM list without Molinism! In this article, Tim Stratton shows how Middle Knowledge helps deal with the

Josh Klein
Dec 30, 20192 min read
Ep. 97 4 Questions from a Calvinist Pastor (Part 2)
In this episode, Tim and I talk about a conversation I had with one of the pastors at my church about Calvinism. I thought my pastor made one of the better cases for Calvinism that I had heard, so we wanted to respond to some of the questions he raised during our conversation. Relevant Links: https://freethinkingministries.com/molinism-the-golden-chain-of-redemption/ https://freethinkingministries.com/yoda-k-2-semi-compatibilism-responsibility/ https://freethinkingministr

Josh Klein
Dec 26, 20191 min read
Ep. 96 4 Questions from a Calvinist Pastor (Part 1)
In this episode, Tim and I talk about a conversation I had with one of the pastors at my church about Calvinism. I thought my pastor made one of the better cases for Calvinism that I had heard, so we wanted to respond to some of the questions he raised during our conversation. Relevant Links: https://freethinkingministries.com/molinism-the-golden-chain-of-redemption/ https://freethinkingministries.com/yoda-k-2-semi-compatibilism-responsibility/ https://freethinkingministr

Josh Klein
Dec 19, 20191 min read
"Stupid Round Things," Other Contingent Things, & the Existence of God
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher, mathematician, a metaphysician and an expert in logic who is recognized for his independent invention of the differential and integral calculus (imagine being able to include "I invented calculus" on your resume)! To put it bluntly, Leibniz was a smart dude! While it is impressive to be able to "invent calculus," in my opinion, the cherry on top of all of his accomplishments was his work in the field of apologetics. In fact

Josh Klein
Dec 16, 20197 min read
Ep. 95 All In w/ Jordan Apodaca (Part 3)
In this episode, Tim is interviewed by Jordan Apodaca on his podcast "All In with Jordan Apodaca." You'll hear the third part of their conversation on the topic of God and evil. Good times. Thanks to everyone who contributed to the matching campaign. If you'd still like to donate, you can do so by going to freethinkingministries.com/donate and clicking the donate button on the page. Y'all are awesome. Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Dec 12, 20191 min read
The Probabilistic Argument from Gratuitous Evil and the Bracketing of Evidence
Introduction In this article, I argue that when considering the existence of God, it is unreasonable to bracket background evidence in the manner described below. First, this move is methodologically insufficient. Second, it is conceptually questionable. The Argument from Gratuitous Evil and the Bracketing Method The argument from gratuitous evil is usually articulated as a version of the probabilistic argument from evil against the existence of God. The argument can be a

Josh Klein
Dec 10, 20196 min read
Paul: A Trustworthy Source
On October 25 th , 2019, Richard Carrier, published a blog titled, Mark’s Use of Paul’s Epistles . Carrier’s main argument is that Mark used Paul and that Matthew and Luke used Mark. Specifically, Mark transvalued what Paul had written into his own stories. This is problematic for Carrier, because he believes “Paul clearly taught that all his information came from visions, not conveyors of a tradition (‘tradents’).” Or stated another way, Paul’s teachings about Jesus ca

Josh Klein
Dec 9, 20198 min read
Ep. 94 All In w/ Jordan Apodaca (Part 2)
In this episode, Tim is interviewed by Jordan Apodaca on his podcast "All In with Jordan Apodaca." You'll hear the second part of their conversation on the topic of God and evil. Great ep. Speaking of fun stuff, if you've been impacted by the ministry of FTM, consider joining the donor matching campaign going on at givewhereyoulive.net/freethinking. All money up to $12,500 will be matched, so if you want the work of FTM to go as far as it can go, now is the time to give. Tha

Josh Klein
Dec 5, 20191 min read
Yoda & Paul: To What Does Fear Lead?
Two of my favorite things to study and discuss are The Bible and Star Wars! My mom first shared the gospel with me when I was three years old -- right before my fourth birthday. Right around the same time my parents took my sister and I to see Star Wars (now known as "Episode IV: A New Hope" ) in the movie theater. These two events had a significant impact on the rest of my life. In fact, my parents often used the Star Wars saga to help me understand a few things about ultim

Josh Klein
Dec 3, 20192 min read
Ep. 93 All In w/ Jordan Apodaca (Part 1)
In this episode, Tim is interviewed by Jordan Apodaca on his podcast "All In with Jordan Apodaca." You'll hear the first part of their conversation on the topic of God and evil. Fun stuff! Speaking of fun stuff, if you've been impacted by the ministry of FTM, consider joining the donor matching campaign going on at givewhereyoulive.net/freethinking. All money up to $12,500 will be matched, so if you want the work of FTM to go as far as it can go, now is the time to give. Tha

Josh Klein
Nov 28, 20191 min read
Ep. 92 Stories from Israel (Part 2)
Tim recently got back from a trip to Israel, so we thought we'd take a couple of episodes to talk about what he experienced while he was there. In this episode, Tim talks about some of the stories and experiences he had while in Israel. Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Nov 21, 20191 min read
Ep. 91 Stories from Israel (Part 1)
Tim recently got back from a trip to Israel, so we thought we'd take a couple of episodes to talk about what he experienced while he was there. In this episode, Tim talks about some of the stories and experiences he had while in Israel. Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Nov 14, 20191 min read


What a Non-Christian Taught Me about the Gospel
A number of years ago a young woman came to our church for counseling and talked to me. She poured out her story of disappointment with her husband’s unfaithfulness, his unwillingness to change, and the mess her life had become, not only because of him but also because of her own unwise choices. She felt she was in a hole and wanted to know how to get out and begin afresh. While she was sharing and I looked into her searching eyes, I was asking myself and God how he and the h

Josh Klein
Nov 12, 20196 min read
Thinking About Free Thinking
Question: Dear Tim, This is a three-pronged question: What is The FreeThinking Argument ? What are the premises of the argument? And what reasons are there to believe that the premises are true? Please lay out a defense of all of the argument's steps. - Evan Tim's Response: Thank you for the question, Evan. <1 > > Before I explain and defend the FreeThinking Argument , it is vital to define a term that the argument hinges upon: Libertarian Freedom (libertarian free will/

Josh Klein
Nov 11, 20196 min read
Are the Doors of Hell Locked from the Inside?
Introduction C. S. Lewis claimed that the doors of hell are locked from the inside. In this article, I provide an argument to support Lewis’ claim. I also discuss the apologetic significance of his assertion. Assumptions I assume that free will exists and that human beings have libertarian freedom. I also assume the moral principle ought implies can ; i.e., for any action A and any person S, if S morally ought to do A, then it is possible for S to do A. The Meaning of the Cl

Josh Klein
Nov 8, 20199 min read
Ep. 90 Talking about Israel!
Tim recently got back from a trip to Israel, so we thought we'd take a couple of episodes to talk about what he experienced while he was there. In this episode, Tim talks about some of the heavy hitters within the apologetics community he went with on the trip. Fun ep! Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Nov 7, 20191 min read
Ep. 89 Is Molinism Biblical (Part 5)
We're talking about the 2nd article from Charles Rennie, which purports to discuss whether or not Molinism is a Biblical theology. Tim and I had some fun responding to this second one as well. Enjoy! Relevant Links: The article being discussed: http://www.reformation21.org/blog/2019/10/is-middle-knowledge-biblical-a-1.php Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Oct 31, 20191 min read
Ep. 88 Is Molinism Biblical (Part 4)
We're talking about the 2nd article from Charles Rennie, which purports to discuss whether or not Molinism is a Biblical theology. Tim and I had some fun responding to this second one as well. Enjoy! Relevant Links: The article being discussed: http://www.reformation21.org/blog/2019/10/is-middle-knowledge-biblical-a-1.php Check out this episode!

Josh Klein
Oct 26, 20191 min read
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